Safety and efficacy of pharmacotherapies for pelvic inflammatory disease and endometriosis

Simone Ferrero, Umberto Leone Roberti Maggiore, Michele Paudice, Valerio Gaetano Vellone, Perrone Umberto, Umberto Perrone, Fabio Barra
Expert opinion on drug safety · 2024 · vol. 24(3) , pp. 273–286 · doi:10.1080/14740338.2024.2446424 · PMID:39718298 · W4405758741
review OA: closed CC0 ⤵ 3 in-corpus citations
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⚙ AI-generated summary by claude@2026-06, 2026-06-07 ⓘ

Antibiotics for pelvic inflammatory disease are safe and effective, while hormonal therapies like COCs, progestins, and GnRH antagonists are used for endometriosis management with manageable side effects.

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Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Endometriosis and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) are gynecological conditions affecting women of reproductive age and causing pain symptoms. The symptoms caused by these conditions are similar; thus, the differential diagnosis may be challenging. The treatment of these conditions is very different because PID is treated with antibiotic therapy, while endometriosis is treated with hormonal therapies suppressing estrogen levels. AREAS COVERED: A narrative review was conducted through a comprehensive literature search on endometriosis and PID. The search strategy incorporated relevant keywords and MeSH terms related to these topics. EXPERT OPINION: The antibiotics used to manage PID have high efficacy and safety profiles. Commonly prescribed regimens include a combination of ceftriaxone, doxycycline, and metronidazole. These antibiotics are generally well-tolerated, with most adverse effects being mild and manageable (gastrointestinal disturbances or hypersensitivity reactions). Hormonal therapies are a cornerstone in the management of endometriosis; they include combined oral contraceptives (COCs), progestins, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists, and antagonists. COCs and progestins are generally well-tolerated with a favorable safety profile, though they may cause side effects (breakthrough bleeding and mood changes). Oral GnRH antagonists have emerged as a noteworthy option, offering partial estrogen suppression and thereby overcoming the limitations associated with previously used GnRH agonists.

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Condition tags

mesh:D004715endometriosis

MeSH descriptors

Anti-Bacterial Agents Anti-Bacterial Agents Anti-Bacterial Agents Anti-Bacterial Agents Anti-Bacterial Agents Anti-Bacterial Agents Anti-Bacterial Agents Anti-Bacterial Agents Anti-Bacterial Agents Anti-Bacterial Agents Anti-Bacterial Agents Anti-Bacterial Agents Anti-Bacterial Agents Anti-Bacterial Agents Anti-Bacterial Agents Endometriosis Endometriosis Endometriosis Endometriosis Endometriosis

Citation neighborhood (2-hop)

Papers in the corpus that this work cites (lower rings, blue) and that cite this one (upper rings, green). Dot size scales with the paper's in-corpus citation count — bigger dot = more influential within the endo/adeno field. Click a dot to open that paper. Outer rings show 2-hop neighbours — papers reached through the immediate citers/citees. [ collapse to 1-hop ]

References (100)

Cited by (3)

SciLite annotations

chemicals 7
estrogen ceftriaxone doxycycline metronidazole progestin progestin estrogen

Source provenance

europepmc
last seen: 2026-06-04T01:30:01.192114+00:00
openalex
last seen: 2026-06-04T00:00:01.174412+00:00
pubmed
last seen: 2026-05-19T00:31:51.561914+00:00
scilite
last seen: 2026-05-18T04:57:49.680383+00:00
License: CC0 · commercial use OK