Oxidative Stress in Female Reproductive Health and Infertility: Mechanisms, Biomarkers, Therapeutic Interventions

Infertility is defined by the World Health Organization as the inability to achieve pregnancy after one year of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse. Female infertility can result from problems with ovulation, hormone imbalances, endometriosis, blocked fallopian tubes, and poor egg quality. One factor linked to these conditions is oxidative stress, which occurs when harmful molecules in the body exceed its natural antioxidant defences. This imbalance may damage reproductive cells and tissues, affecting hormone function, embryo quality, implantation, and pregnancy outcomes. Oxidative stress has been associated with several reproductive disorders, including polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome (PMOS), previously called polycystic ovary syndrome, and endometriosis. As a result, there is growing interest in natural approaches that may help protect reproductive health. Some medicinal plants contain natural antioxidants that may reduce oxidative stress and protect reproductive cells from damage. This review examines the impact of oxidative stress on female reproductive health and explores the potential role of medicinal plants in supporting fertility and reproductive well-being.