Ovarian response to stimulation and suboptimal endometrial development are associated with adverse perinatal outcomes in intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles

Despite assisted reproduction techniques (ART) have advanced significantly since the first in vitro fertilization baby was born, many issues related to the health of ART babies have been raised. Reports comparing babies born from natural pregnancies and those born from assisted reproduction showed correlations between ART pregnancies and worse perinatal outcomes, for instance, preterm birth, low birth weight, small for gestational age, and perinatal mortality ( Fauser et al ., 2014 ; Helmerhorst et al ., 2004 ; Ombelet et al ., 2016 ; Pandey et al. , 2012 ; Sunkara et al ., 2015 ). Undoubtedly, intrinsic parental characteristics must influence baby birth and health; however, they are insufficient to explain the differences between babies born from natural or assisted pregnancies, considering that, comparing sons born to the same mother, the ART singleton baby tend to have more perinatal complications than non-ART sibling ( Hayashi et al ., 2012 ; Henningsen et al ., 2011 ; Kapiteijn et al ., 2006 ; Pandey et al ., 2012 ; Pinborg et al ., 2013 ). Moreover, the majority of ART perinatal complications have been commonly attributed to the higher rate of multiple births; nevertheless, singleton pregnancies from assisted reproduction also had significantly worse perinatal outcomes than natural singleton ones ( Grady et al ., 2012 ; Helmerhorst et al ., 2004 ; Pandey et al ., 2012 ; Qin et al ., 2016 ; Sullivan-Pyke et al ., 2017 ). It is plausible that ART perinatal outcomes depend on a complex combination of parental particularities and aspects of the treatment itself ( Henningsen et al ., 2011 ; Nelson & Lawlor, 2011 ; Olivennes et al ., 2002 ; Palomba et al ., 2016 ; Pandey et al ., 2012 ; Pinborg et al ., 2013 ). Controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) protocols are pointed as potential influencers of perinatal outcomes ( Hayashi et al ., 2012 ; Kapiteijn et al ., 2006 ). In fact, some studies reported that there was increased number of preterm births and low birth weight babies born to hyper-responder mothers ( Kalra et al ., 2011 ; Sunkara et al ., 2015 ), and that adverse perinatal outcomes may be associated with suboptimal endometrial development due to COS ( Chung et al ., 2006 ). However, the direct correlation between COS and perinatal outcomes is still characterized by contradictions: when the effects of COS were adjusted for biological and social confounders, such as mother's weight and height, duration of infertility, ethnicity, and level of education, it no longer influenced birth weight and other neonatal characteristics ( Griesinger et al ., 2008 ; Pelinck et al ., 2010 ; Sunkara et al ., 2016 ). In addition to the number of retrieved oocytes, the oocyte quality might have a role in baby development ( Balaban & Urman, 2006 ; Hattori et al ., 2014 ; Mateizel et al ., 2013 ; Rienzi et al ., 2011 ; Shaw-Jackson et al ., 2014 ). Embryo quality and embryo transference stage can also influence perinatal outcomes, although direct correlations are not evident ( Glujovsky et al ., 2016 ; Dar et al ., 2013 ; Fernando et al ., 2012 ; Källén et al ., 2010 ; Kalra et al ., 2012 ; Martin et al ., 2012 ; Nakagawa et al ., 2016 ; Oron et al ., 2014 ; Schwärzler et al ., 2004 ). The determination of which aspects of ART pose greater risks of perinatal complications and how these risks can be minimized is extremely important for healthy baby delivery. Therefore, the goal for the present study was to determine which cycle characteristics, for instance, ovarian stimulation, laboratorial, and clinical outcomes, could be correlated with the perinatal outcomes number of gestational weeks to live birth (GW), baby weight at birth (BW), and baby length at birth (BL).

The patient demographics, cycle characteristics, and perinatal outcomes are described in Table 1 . Descriptive statistics of patients' demographics, cycle characteristics, and perinatal outcomes PCOS= Polycystic ovary syndrome, COS= Controlled ovarian stimulation, FSH= Follicle-stimulating hormone The number of follicles (β=-0.069 p =0.018) and retrieved oocytes (β=-0.087 p =0.049) were negatively correlated with BL ( Table 2 ). The endometrial thickness was positively correlated with the number of GW (β=0.198 p =0.003) and BW (β=28.351 p =0.044). On average, a 1-mm increase in endometrial thickness could prolong pregnancy by 1.4 days and increase baby weight by 28 g. No correlation between the perinatal outcomes and any other evaluated variable was noted. Linear regression predictors for the perinatal outcomes gestational weeks to live birth (GW), baby birth weight (BW) and baby birth length (BL) FSH= Follicle-stimulating hormone, β= Regression coefficient, CI: 95% confidence interval for β. Data was adjusted for maternal age and BMI, number of transferred embryos, number of gestational sacs and number of born infants. When each baby was classified into AGA and SGA groups, it was observed significantly higher estradiol level at hCG day in SGA babies (3897.01±550.35) compared to AGA group (2324.78±101.86, p =0.006) ( Table 3 ). It was also observed a higher number of retrieved oocytes in the SGA group (16.70±1.78 vs. 12.92±0.42, p =0.042). The endometrial thickness was significantly lower in the SGA group (10.27±0.23 vs. AGA: 11.68±0.17, p =0.029). No other differences were observed between AGA and SGA groups. COS, laboratorial and clinical outcomes of Small for gestational age (SGA) or Appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants FSH= Follicle-stimulating hormone, SD= standard deviation. Data was adjusted for maternal age and BMI, number of transferred embryos, number of gestational sacs and number of born infants.

Children conceived by ART represent a substantial proportion of the population, nevertheless, there is still increasing evidence that they have a higher risk of perinatal complications, and the mechanisms behind this have not been well elucidated ( Pandey et al ., 2012 ; Pinborg et al ., 2013 ). The present study showed that specific COS and clinical outcomes affect GW, BW and BL. The total amount of FSH administered and the estradiol level at hCG day had no influence when perinatal outcomes were singly observed, which corroborated previous observations ( Griesinger et al ., 2008 ; Sunkara et al ., 2015 ). However, when data was classified according to intrauterine growth curve parameters, it was observed that SGA babies came from cycles with significantly higher estradiol level, indicating that response to COS influences intrauterine growth. Elevated estradiol levels have been correlated to impaired embryo implantation potential ( Valbuena et al ., 2001 ), decrease in the duration of the endometrial receptivity window ( Ma et al ., 2003 ) and lower pregnancy rates ( Mitwally et al ., 2006 ). More recently, estradiol levels were also correlated to poorer obstetric and perinatal outcomes ( Pereira et al ., 2017 ; Royster et al ., 2016 ; Sokalska et al ., 2017 ). In fact, it has been established that estradiol level >3450 pg/ml on the day of hCG administration is associated with greater odds of preeclampsia and delivery of an SGA infant ( Imudia et al ., 2012 ). The latter is in accordance to what has been reported by this study. Our data also showed that BL was negatively influenced by the response to ovarian stimulation, such as numbers of follicles and retrieved oocytes. The relation between COS and BL has been observed mainly in multiple pregnancies studies ( Helmerhorst et al ., 2004 ; Olivennes et al ., 1996 ). Moreover, we also observed a higher number of retrieved oocytes in the SGA group, which indicates that higher response to COS can be prejudicial to proper embryo development, even when results were adjusted for maternal and cycles characteristics. This observation corroborates reports that associated higher number of oocytes retrieved with increased incidence of low birth weight ( Baker et al ., 2015 ; Kalra et al ., 2011 ; Sunkara et al ., 2015 ). Our evidence demonstrated that endometrial thickness could influence not only embryo implantation but also perinatal outcomes. On average, a 1-mm increase in endometrial thickness could prolong pregnancy by 1.4 days and increase baby weight by 28 g. The endometrial thickness was also significantly lower in SGA babies, which supports the importance of this measure before embryo transfer. For the best of our knowledge, correlations between perinatal outcomes and endometrial thickness at hCG day are scarce in the literature and the results obtained emphasizes the need for a more physiologically implantation environment in ART to facilitate the birth of healthier babies. The strength of this study is that the analyses were multiple adjusted to withdraw multiple pregnancies vies, considering the number of transferred embryos, the number of gestational sacs and the number of born infants as confounder variables. Even though the number of babies analyzed was limited and maternal medical history and social habits were lacking, this is the first Brazilian report of the relation between perinatal outcomes and ICSI characteristics, and it should encourage others to report their own outcomes. In conclusion, our findings suggest that higher ovarian response to stimulation and suboptimal endometrial development are associated with adverse perinatal outcomes in ICSI cycles.

This cohort study included data obtained from 402 babies born to 307 patients undergoing their first controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) followed by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles and fresh transfer of embryos on days three or five of development. Cycles were performed in a brazilian private university-affiliated IVF center between January/2014 and December/2015. Couples undergoing ICSI with vitrified/thawed or donated oocytes, surgical sperm retrieval, vitrified/thawed embryo transfer, donated embryos, or preimplantation genetic diagnosis/screening were excluded from the analysis. The effects of (i) the total FSH dose administered, (ii) the estradiol peak at hCG day, (iii) the number of follicles, (iv) the number of retrieved oocytes, (v) the number of mature oocytes, (vi) the fertilization rate, (vii) the number of embryos obtained, (viii) the high-quality embryos rate at day two and three, (ix) the blastocyst rate, (x) the transference stage (cleavage or blastocyst), (xi) the endometrial thickness, and (xii) the implantation rate (gestational sacs/ embryos transferred) on the number of GW, BW, and BL were evaluated. In a subsequent analysis, cycles were subdivided according to the American Academy of Pediatrics Intrauterine Growth Curves ( Olsen et al ., 2010 ). Combined GW, BW and baby sex were used for the classification of Appropriate for gestational age (AGA), if the baby weight was between 10-90 th percentile of the curve (n=256), or Small for gestational age (SGA), if the weight was bellow the 10 th percentile (n=146). Written informed consent, in which patients agreed to share the outcomes of their cycles for research purposes, was obtained, and the local institutional review board approved the study (protocol 410/2012). Controlled ovarian stimulation was achieved using a daily dose of recombinant FSH (r-FSH, Gonal-F ® , Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). Pituitary blockage was performed using a GnRH antagonist (GnRHa, Cetrotide ® ; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). Ovulation was triggered with recombinant human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG, Ovidrel ™ , Merck KGaA, Geneva, Switzerland). Oocyte retrieval was performed 35 hours later through transvaginal ultrasound ovum pick-up. Retrieved oocytes were maintained in culture medium (Global ® for Fertilization, LifeGlobal, Connecticut, USA) supplemented with 10% protein supplement (LGPS, LifeGlobal, Connecticut, USA) and covered with paraffin oil (Paraffin Oil P.G., LifeGlobal, Connecticut, USA) for two to three hours before the removal of the cumulus cells. The surrounding cumulus cells were removed after exposure to a HEPES-buffered medium containing hyaluronidase (80IU/mL, LifeGlobal, Connecticut, USA). The remaining cumulus cells were mechanically removed by gently pipetting them with a hand-drawn Pasteur pipette (Humagen Fertility Diagnostics, Charlottesville, USA). Oocyte morphology was assessed using an inverted Nikon Diaphot microscope (Eclipse TE 300; Nikon, Tokyo, Japan) with a Hoffmann modulation contrast system under 400x magnification, just before sperm injection (5 hours after retrieval). Oocytes that had released the first polar body were considered mature and were used for ICSI. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection was performed in a micro-injection dish prepared with 4-µL droplets of buffered medium (Global ® w/HEPES, LifeGlobal, Connecticut, USA) and covered with paraffin oil on the heated stage of an inverted microscope (37.0±0.5ºC). Sperm selection was performed at 400x magnification. Approximately 16 hours after ICSI, the presence of two pronuclei and the extrusion of the second polar body confirmed fertilization. Embryos were maintained in a 50-µL drop of culture medium (Global ® , LifeGlobal, Connecticut, USA) supplemented with 10% protein supplement and covered with paraffin oil in a humidified atmosphere under 6% CO 2 at 37ºC for three to five days. Embryos were morphologically evaluated on days two, three, and five using an inverted Nikon Diaphot microscope with a Hoffmann modulation contrast system under 400X magnification. High-quality cleavage-stage embryos were defined as those with all of the following characteristics (Alpha Scientists in Reproductive Medicine and ESHRE Special Interest Group of Embryology, 2011): 3−5 cells on day 2 or 8−10 cells on day 3, <15% fragmentation, symmetric blastomeres, the absence of multinucleation, colorless cytoplasm with moderate granulation and no inclusions, the absence of perivitelline space granularity and the absence of zona pellucida (ZP) dimorphisms. The blastocyst rate was defined as the number of embryos that reached blastocyst stage on day five (only the full, expanded, hatching, and hatched blastocyst were considered) by the number of embryos in culture on day three of development. Embryo transfer was performed on the third or fifth day of development using a soft catheter with transabdominal ultrasound guidance. One to three embryos were transferred per patient, depending on embryo quality and maternal age. A pregnancy test (serum β-hCG) was performed 12 days after embryo transfer. All women with a positive test had a transvaginal ultrasound scan after two weeks. Clinical pregnancy was diagnosed when the fetal heartbeat was detected. After childbirth, the GW, BW, BL, baby sex, and presence of malformations at birth were recorded by the patient's gynecologist. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 21 Software (IBM, New York, USA). The effects of response to COS (FSH dose, Estradiol peak at hCG day, number of follicles, number of retrieved oocytes and number of mature oocytes), laboratorial (fertilization rate, number of obtained embryos, high-quality embryo rate at day two and three, blastocyst rate and transference stage), and clinical (endometrial thickness and implantation rate) outcomes on the GW, BW, and BL were evaluated using linear regression models adjusted for maternal age and body mass index (BMI), number of transferred embryos, number of gestational sacs and number of born infants. The results are expressed as β (linear regression coefficient), 95% confidence interval (CI 95%), and p value . The α adopted was 5%. In a subsequent analysis, in which cycles were subdivided AGA and SGA groups and the effects of COS, laboratorial and clinical outcomes were evaluated by general linear models adjusted for maternal age and BMI, number of transferred embryos, number of gestational sacs and number of born infants. The results are expressed as Mean±SD and p value . The α adopted was 5%.