Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society

OBJECTIVE: The guizhi fuling (GZFL) capsule has been a traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of gynecological inflammation for the past thousands of years. However, as a formula, its therapeutic mechanism has not been clearly eluci…

Various treatment options have been proposed for the management of human symptomatic uterine fibroids (or myomas). Despite this, the most popular one is surgery (myomectomy or hysterectomy). Ulipristal acetate (UA) is a selective progestero…

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of Wenshen Xiaozhng Tang (WXT) on ectopic endometrial growth and on angiogenesis in endometrial implants in a rat model. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats with endometriotic implants were randomly treated with …

Maintenance of ovarian function is a complex process and we are only now beginning to understand the role that many medical conditions have in affecting the age of menopause. Autoimmune diseases an...

Many traditional contraindications to hormone replacement therapy (HRT) are based on the theoretical potential for these hormones to worsen a disease process and are rarely based on supporting data. This review addresses the available data …

The assessment of endometrial safety is one of the key requirements for the clinical development of new products for hormone therapy (HT) to treat menopausal symptoms in women who have a uterus. Both the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) i…

OBJECTIVE: Premature ovarian failure in women under 40 years is uncommon, but not rare (1-3%), with up to 2.5% of adolescents affected. This study aims to investigate women's experiences of diagnosis, perception of cause, treatment, main co…

Premature surgical menopause is becoming increasingly common in the setting of both benign and malignant disease. These women are at an increased risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, cognitive dysfunction and metabolic bone disea…

Following the publication of the Women's Health Initiative study, the controversy was raised regarding the role of progestins in hormonal replacement therapy (HRT). Some of the most prescribed molecules, with partial androgenic or glucocort…

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between the CYP17alpha gene polymorphism and hot flushes in postmenopausal women. METHODS: Ninety-three non-hysterectomized, postmenopausal women were enrolled in this study. Vasomotor symptoms wer…

INTRODUCTION: Endometriosis is a benign, estrogen-dependent, chronic gynecological disorder associated with pelvic pain and infertility. The disease most commonly affects women during the reproductive age, although postmenopausal patients d…

OBJECTIVE: To study the influence of smoking on uterine bleeding patterns during continuous and interrupted oral hormone therapy (HT). METHODS: Using a post-hoc strategy, we included five oral HT groups from three studies. The therapies co…

Based on a decision analysis of multiple epidemiological studies, it has been claimed that, among women hysterectomized for benign disease, removal of the ovaries before the age of 65 years decreases long-term survival, and that the benefit…

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of different formulations of continuous combined hormone therapy on sexual performance in naturally postmenopausal women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 158 postmenopausal women were enrolled and prospect…

Endometriosis is a common clinical condition and its treatment will often lead to an estrogen deficiency status. As most of these patients are young, they will need to consider hormone replacement therapy. Endometriosis is a hormone-depende…

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of hysterectomy on ovarian blood supply by color Doppler ultrasonography and the relationship between ovarian blood supply and ovarian function. METHODS: Fifty patients undergoing hysterectomy due to uteri…

The pharmacological properties of progestins used in contraception and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) vary, depending upon the molecules from which they are derived. Very small structural changes may induce considerable differences in ef…

OBJECTIVE: Two randomized comparative multicenter studies were conducted to establish the endometrial safety and tolerability of a triphasic sequential hormone replacement estradiol valerate/medroxyprogesterone acetate (E2V/MPA) therapy reg…

OBJECTIVE: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was planned to investigate the effects of continuous combined hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with 2 mg estradiol valerate and 2 mg dienogest (Climodien/Lafamme) over 24 w…

A combination of 2 mg estradiol valerate with 2 mg dienogest (E2V/DNG) (Climodien, Schering AG, Berlin, Gemany) is the first continuous combined postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) preparation to contain a progestogen with subs…

OBJECTIVES: To assess long-term hormone replacement therapy (HRT) usage in women after hysterectomy and to assess the relationship between age and long-term use of HRT in these women. Problems and comments of those women responding to a que…

In broad support of the findings of the Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) and other trials, the recently published preliminary findings of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) study buttress the view that hormone replacem…

The particular features of the pharmacology of a new continuous regimen for hormone replacement therapy containing 2 mg estradiol valerate (E2V) and 2 mg dienogest (DNG) (Climodien, Schering AG, Berlin, Germany) depend largely on its proges…

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects in postmenopausal women with insomnia of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with 2 mg estradiol valerate (E2V) alone, or in combination with 3 mg dienogest (DNG), in the context of the introduction of the …