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BACKGROUND: Endometriosis (EMS) is an estrogen-dependent chronic inflammatory disorder for which metabolic reprogramming has emerged as a central pathological feature. Driven by genetic, epigenetic, and microenvironmental stressors, ectopic…

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) is a major molecular mediator of the hypoxic response. In the endometrium, local hypoxic conditions induced by hormonal fluctuations and endometrial vascular remodeling contribute to the production …