{"paper_id":"0227f267-c985-4728-8e30-5e78d9ebed33","body_text":"Amblyseius orientalis shows high consumption and reproduction on Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) in China | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Amblyseius orientalis shows high consumption and reproduction on Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) in China Yannan Zhang, Fujing Sheng, Endong Wang, Jiale Lv, Xuenong Xu This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2610066/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 23 Oct, 2023 Read the published version in Experimental and Applied Acarology → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) (Acari: Tarsonemidae), is a cosmopolitan pest that infest many greenhouse crops. Biological control is an important way to control P. latus , with predatory mites being the most widely used natural enemy of this pest. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the capabilities of three native phytoseiids in China ( Neoseiulus californicus , Neoseiulus barkeri and Amblyseius orientalis ) in controlling P. latus , using Amblyseius swirskii , a commercial biological control agent of this pest widely used in Europe as a control. Consumption, development, and reproduction of the four species when fed with P. latus were assessed, and their life table parameters were estimated and compared. Among the three native species, A. orientalis has the highest consumption rate of P. latus (29.0 per day), the shortest developmental duration (5.32 d), and the highest cumulative fecundity (13.50 eggs/female). Overall, its intrinsic rate of natural increase ( r m ) is 0.12, comparable to that of A. swirskii . Among the three candidates, A. orientalis is the only one that population increase might be expected when fed with P. latus . Therefore, we suggest it to be a potential biological control agent for this pest in China. broad mite Phytoseiidae biological control consumption fecundity life table parameters Figures Figure 1 Introduction The broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) (Acari: Tarsonemidae), is an important pest mite that infests various vegetables and ornamental plants (Fan and Petitt 1998 ; Fasulo 2013 ; Gerson and Weintraub 2007 ). This mite is worldwide distributed and occurs year-round in tropical and subtropical regions (Renkema et al. 2017 ; Rodríguez et al. 2011 ). Due to its small size and hidden refuge, P. latus is not easy to be detected at early infestation (Radonjic and Hrni 2017). Similar to many other tiny small pests, P. latus has short developmental duration and high fecundity. Its population increases rapidly under appropriate environmental conditions, especially when occurs in protected areas such as greenhouses. It also develops resistance to pesticides quickly (Reddy and Kumar 2016 ; Breda et al. 2017 ). Although chemical control is still the most commonly used controlling approach to P. latus (De Saraiva et al. 2016 ; Barbar 2017 ), it is necessary to find environment friendly alternatives. The potential of predatory mites in controlling P. latus has been evaluated in many countries since the early 2000s, with studies on 37 species from 8 genera in Phytoseiidae published (Mcmurtry 1984; Gerson 1992 ; Fan and Petitt 1994 ; Britto et al. 2012 ; Rodriguez-Cruz et al. 2013; Abou-Awad et al. 2014 ; Martins et al. 2016 ; Akyazi et al. 2019 ; Kumar et al. 2020 ; Miranda et al. 2021 ; H. Rodríguez et al. 2011 ). Among all candidates, N. californicus , N. barkeri and A. swirskii have been reported to be effective in reducing P. latus (Fan and Petitt 1994 ; Jovicich et al. 2008; Rodríguez-Cruz et al. 2017 ; Zhu et al. 2019 ). However, A. swirskii was considered to be the one with the highest potential and was recommended by several biological control companies, including Koppert (Netherlands) and Biobee (Israel) (Rodríguez-Cruz et al. 2017 ; Zhu et al. 2019 ; Calvo et al.2011; Akyazi et al. 2020 ). In China, P. latus also causes severe problems, especially in vegetable production. There is a big commercial production of predatory mites in China, too. However, few study has been performed to evaluate the control efficiency of domestic phytoseiid species on P. latus quantitatively. Although the mostly recommended species, A. swirskii does not distribute in China and was not suggested to be introduced due to its high competitiveness (Guo et al. 2016 ). There are also domestic species of phytoseiid mites that can be utilized for P. latus control. One such species is Amblyseius orientalis , which is widely distributed in China and was initially considered a specialist predator of spider mites in the 1970s (Zhu et al. 1983 ; Yang et al. 1987 ). Later on, subsequent studies have shown that it is a generalist predator and similarly to A. swirskii in controlling other small pests (Yang et al. 1987 ; Zhang et al. 2015 ; Yan et al. 2018 ; Sheng et al. 2014 ). It is valuable to evaluate the potential of domestic phytoseiid species so that they might be applied in P. latus control in China. Herein, we have chosen three commercially available polyphagous phytoseiid species ( N. californicus , N. barkeri , and A. orientalis ) that are distributed in China. We observed their consumption, development, and reproduction using P. latus as prey, and estimated their life table parameters accordingly. The same biological features and parameters were observed and estimated in A. swirskii as a control. The results of the present study were expected to be the first step in screening domestic biological control agents of P. latus in China. Materials And Methods Mites colonies All mites used in the present study were obtained from lab colonies maintained in the Lab of Predatory Mites, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The P. latus colony was established with individuals collected from a pepper field near Mianyang City, Sichuan in 2019 and has been maintained on potted green beans. The N. californicus colony was established with individuals from Dinghushan, Guangdong Province. The N. barkeri colony was supplied by Shoubonong biotech Co. Ltd. The A. swirskii colony was introduced from the Netherlands, and has been kept in lab. The A. orientalis colony was established from individuals collected in soybean fields in Changli, Hebei Province. For experimental purposes, phytoseiids were reared individually in a arena, which was built with a transparent acrylic boarda (30 × 20 × 3 mm 3 ) with a 10 mm diameter hole in the center (Zhang et al. 2015 ). Two pieces of rectangular glass were used to seal the hole, each on one side, creating a 10 (dia.) × 3 mm 3 arena for phytoseiid mites. A piece of bean leaf was used as the floor, placed between one rectangular glass and the central board. The four layers were clipped together on both ends to avoid mites escaping. All colonies were reared under the conditions of 25 ± 1℃, 80% ± 5% RH and 16 L : 8 D. Consumption capability of four phytoseiid mites to P. latus For each predatory mite species, consumption rate of gravid adult females were estimated for 3 consecutive days. Each female was reared individually and provided with 50 P. latus per day as prey. To avoid impact of P. latus oviposition, deutonymphs were used as prey in the present study. The prey amount exceeded the maximum consumption rate of these predatory mites due to preliminary observations. The number of prey consumed was recorded daily. For each species, 15 females were observed as replicates. Two-way ANOVAs were used to estimate differences of consumption among predatory mite species and days. Multiple comparisons were performed using Tukey HSD method. All statistics in the present study were performed using SPSS19.0. Development,reproduction, and life table parameters of four phytoseiid mites fed with P. latus For each species, immature survival and development were estimated using 120 synchronized eggs (laid within 12 hours). Each individual was checked once every 12 hours for its stage and survival before adult emergence. Developmental durations of each stage and the total immature duration were estimated. Adult life and reproduction were estimated using 30 females for each species. Newly emerged females were paired with males. After 24h, the males were removed. Eggs laid per female per day were recorded until it dies. Reproductive parameters, including pre-oviposition, oviposition, post-oviposition durations, life span, daily fecundity and total fecundity were calculated. All biological parameters were compared across species using one-way ANOVA. Multiple comparisons were conducted using Tukey HSD method. Life tables were constructed with observed age-specific survival rate ( l x ) and age -specific females per day ( m x ). The following life table parameters were estimated: the net reproductive rate ( R 0 ), the intrinsic rate of population increase ( r m ), the finite rate of population increase ( λ ), the mean generation time ( T ), and the doubling time ( t ), according to equations 1–5, where x is the age in days (Birch 1948 ). R 0 = Σ l x m x (1) r m = ln ( R 0 ) / T (2) T = Σ x l x m x / R 0 (3) $$\\text{λ}\\text{=}\\text{ }{\\text{e}}^{{\\text{r}}_{\\text{m}}}$$ (4) t = ln (2) / r m (5) Results Consumption capability of four phytoseiids to P. latus Among the 3 native species, A. orientalis has the highest daily consumption rate (29.0 ± 0.8 per female), comparable to that of A. swirskii . In contrast, the consumption rates of N. californicus and N. barkeri were 13.1% and 10.3% lower than A. orientalis , respectively (Table 1 ). For each species, no significant impact of timing ( F = 0.252, df 1 = 2, df 2 = 168, P = 0.777) and interaction ( F = 0.274, df 1 = 6, df 2 = 168, P = 0.948) on consumption rate was observed. Table 1 The number of P. latus consumed by four phytoseiid mites Species Days A. swirskii A. orientalis N. californicus N. barkeri 1 30.1 ± 1.2 a 28.4 ± 1.0 ab 25.6 ± 1.0 b 26.3 ± 1.4 ab 2 29.5 ± 1.0 a 29.9 ± 1.6 a 25.0 ± 0.8 b 26.5 ± 1.0 ab 3 29.9 ± 0.9 a 28.5 ± 1.4 ab 25.2 ± 1.3 b 25.1 ± 0.9 b Mean 29.8 ± 0.6 a 29.0 ± 0.8 a 25.2 ± 0.5 b 26.0 ± 0.3 b Means ± SE followed by different lowercase letters in the same row were significantly different at p = 0.05 Development, reproduction, and life table parameters of four phytoseiid mites fed with P. latus A total of 83 (50.6%), 73 (60.3%), 66 (53.0%), and 60 (56.7%) individuals of A. swirskii , A. orientalis , N. californicus , and N. barkeri developed into adults, respectively, among which 42, 44, 35 and 34 were females (Table 2 ). The development time of A. orientalis was 12.8%, 20.6%, and 18.8% shorter than that of A. swirskii, N. californicus and N. barkeri , respectively (Table 2 ). The pre-oviposition period of Amblyseius orientalis and A. swirskii were 55.4% and 74.5% shorter than N. californicus and N. barkeri , respectively (Table 2 ). A. orientalis exhibited the highest daily fecundity (1.45 eggs/day/female), which was 15.8%, 45.5% and 45.5% higher than that of A. swirskii , N. californicus and N. barkeri , respectively. The total fecundity of A. orientalis (13.50 eggs/female) was comparable to that of A. swirskii , and was 56.4% and 40.2% higher than N. californicus and N. barkeri respectively. No significant difference in oviposition and post-oviposition durations was observed across the species, while differences in adult life was mainly contributed by pre-ovipostion durations. Figure 1 showed the age-specific survival rate and age-specific fecundity curves for the four species. The phytoseiids experienced relatively high mortality during immature stages, but most adults that emerged successfully had adult life longer than 7 days. Their daily fecundity peaked shortly after the onset of reproduction in all four species, especially in A. orientalis and A. swirskii . The hightest age -specific females per day of A. swirskii (0.87 egg/femal/day) and A. orientalis (0.87 egg/femal/day) was higher than that of N. californicus (0.38 egg/femal/day) and N. barkeri (0.40 egg/femal/day). The intrinsic rate of natural increase ( r m ) of A. orientalis was 0.12, which was comparable to that of A. swirskii , and 75% and 66.7% higher than that of N. californicus and N. barkeri respectively. The net reproductive rate ( R 0 ), mean generation time ( T ), population doubling time ( t ), and finite rate of increase( λ ) of A. orientalis were 4.06, 11.12, 5.51 and 1.13 respectively, which were all comparable to those of A. swirskii (Table 3 ). Table 2 The development time (days) and fecundity of four phytoseiids feeding on P. latus Biological Characteristics Species A. swirskii A. orientalis N. californicus N. barkeri Developmental Durations and Longevity (days) Egg 1.88 ± 0.06 b (n = 120) 1.98 ± 0.04 ab (n = 120) 1.84 ± 0.05 b (n = 120) 2.08 ± 0.04 a (n = 120) Larva 0.52 ± 0.01 c (n = 116) 0.64 ± 0.03 b (n = 113) 0.70 ± 0.03 b (n = 114) 0.92 ± 0.05 a (n = 111) Protonymph 1.84 ± 0.05 a (n = 105) 1.53 ± 0.05 b (n = 107) 1.76 ± 0.09 a (n = 96) 1.73 ± 0.05 ab (n = 103) Deutonymph 1.86 ± 0.06 b (n = 90) 1.16 ± 0.04 c (n = 83) 2.41 ± 0.09 a (n = 79) 1.83 ± 0.07 b (n = 78) Egg-Adult 6.10 ± 0.06 b (n = 83) 5.32 ± 0.05 c (n = 73) 6.70 ± 0.14 a (n = 66) 6.55 ± 0.09 a (n = 60) Pre-oviposition 1.55 ± 0.13 c 1.24 ± 0.09 c 2.78 ± 0.33 b 4.86 ± 0.40 a Oviposition 8.59 ± 0.63 a 9.18 ± 0.42 a 7.39 ± 0.71 a 9.57 ± 1.66 a Post-oviposition 2.86 ± 0.28 a 2.26 ± 0.34 a 3.11 ± 0.39 a 3.14 ± 0.49 a Female Longevity 13.00 ± 0.58 b 12.68 ± 0.56 b 13.33 ± 0.72 b 17.57 ± 1.53 a Fecundity Daily Fecundity 1.22 ± 0.97 b 1.45 ± 0.06 a 0.79 ± 0.05 c 0.79 ± 0.13 c Total Fecundity 10.62 ± 1.10 ab 13.50 ± 0.92 a 5.89 ± 0.68 c 8.07 ± 2.15 bc Means ± SE followed by different lowercase letters in the same row were significantly different at p = 0.05 Table 3 Life table parameters of four phytoseiids feeding on P. latus Parameter Species A. swirskii A. orientalis N. californicus N. barkeri Net Reproductive rate ( R 0 ) 4.05 4.06 1.43 1.95 Mean Generation Time ( T , days) 12.17 11.12 12.71 16 Intrinsic Rate of Increase ( r m , day − 1 ) 0.11 0.12 0.03 0.04 Population Doubling Time ( t , days ) 6.03 5.51 24.42 16.63 Finite Rate of Increase ( λ ) 1.12 1.13 1.02 1.04 Discussion Results of the present research indicated that the predation ability and life table parameters of A. orientalis were comparable to those of A. swirskii , and superior to those of N. californicus and N. barkeri . As reported by many previous studies, A. swirskii is considered as the most efficient phytoseiid predator of P. latus in many countries (Onzo et al. 2012 ; Calvo et al. 2015 ; Lopez et al. 2017 ). Amblyseius orientalis is a native species widely distributed in China (Zhu et al. 1983 ; Yang et al. 1987 ; van Maanen et al. 2010 ). Previous studies showed it had comparable performances to A. swirskii in controlling Bemesia tabaci , one of the key pests controlled using A. swirskii (Zhang et al. 2015 ). Since A. swirskii does not distribute in China and has not been introduced for field release, it is reasonable to consider A. orientalis as its alternative in controlling P. latus . Mass-rearing techniques for A. orientalis have also been developed in China, making its large-scale release feasible. In addition, A. orientalis has been proved to be a starving tolerant species. Adults were able to survive 16 days without prey (Zhu et al. 1983 ). Adults released preventively might control P. latus before its population break out. However, more A. orientalis immatures died before adult emergence than A. swirskii . Our results showed that mortality occurred during the whole immature stages for all four species. But for these individuals that survived to adults successfully, their adult life lasted for at least 7 days. In contrast, when fed with spider mites, in many phytoseiid species, including A. orientalis , N. californicus , and N. barkeri , almost all immatures were able to complete development successfully (Zhang et al., 2015 ; Rezaie et al. 2017 ; Momen and Hussein. 2011). These results suggested nutrient provided by P. latus might not match development requirements of many phytoseiids. For field application, it might be valuable to promote their growth and reproduction through providing additional nutrient resources. Some pollen have been used as an alternative food for phytoseiids, such as chilli pepper, castor bean pollen and maize pollen (Onzo et al. 2012 ; Duarte et al. 2015 ; Miranda et al. 2021 ). Further research should be conducted to screen for pollen species that promote growth of A. orientalis effectively when fed with P. latus . Overall, our study suggested potential of A. orientalis in controlling P. latus , while more field data are expected to confirm their capability. Declarations Acknowledgments The project is supported by funds of the Science and Technology Research of Sichuan Province (No. 2021YJ0493) Author contributions Xuenong Xu contributed to the study conception and design. Yannan Zhang and Fujing Sheng conducted experiments. Endong Wang and Yannan Zhang analyzed the data. The manuscript was written by Jiale Lv and Yannan Zhang. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. 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Journal of Plant Protection 46: 465-471. http://doi.org/10.13802/j.cnki.zwbhxb.2019.2018008 Zhu ZM, Liu SJ, Xu SM (1983) Preliminary observe on biological characteristics of Amblyseius orientalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Jiangxi Plant Prot 4: 20-2. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 23 Oct, 2023 Read the published version in Experimental and Applied Acarology → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About In Review Editorial Policies Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"initialData\":{\"identity\":\"rs-2610066\",\"acceptedTermsAndConditions\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"archivedVersions\":[],\"articleType\":\"Research Article\",\"associatedPublications\":[],\"authors\":[{\"id\":178764350,\"identity\":\"7881df46-b44d-4b51-a187-2bc8c8b4021f\",\"order_by\":0,\"name\":\"Yannan Zhang\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"submittingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Yannan\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Zhang\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":178764351,\"identity\":\"f2b448ec-e06d-4202-b519-91ad4a971bd9\",\"order_by\":1,\"name\":\"Fujing Sheng\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Shandongzhongke Beneficial Insect Resources Utilization Technology Innovation Center，Dongying\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"submittingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Fujing\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Sheng\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":178764355,\"identity\":\"e62c1b71-d9f6-4462-82e4-bfe0812c245a\",\"order_by\":2,\"name\":\"Endong Wang\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"submittingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Endong\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Wang\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":178764357,\"identity\":\"ec6f123a-60f1-4a97-8b28-6c354b5c732b\",\"order_by\":3,\"name\":\"Jiale Lv\",\"email\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences\",\"correspondingAuthor\":false,\"submittingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Jiale\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Lv\",\"suffix\":\"\"},{\"id\":178764359,\"identity\":\"ea42053d-6190-4c00-b351-30de4f352775\",\"order_by\":4,\"name\":\"Xuenong Xu\",\"email\":\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAwUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFAD9gaStfAcIFmLRAKRCg1u5JhJfNxhkycf+fjhhx9/GOTNCWmRnJGWJjnzTFqx4e00Y8neNgbDnQ0EtPBLJB+T5m07nLhxdg6DBG8DQ4LBAQJa2CQS26T/grTMPMP8888fIrSAbWEEapkvwcMmzcNGhBbJnmfJlr1taYkbeNLMrGXbJAw3ENJicDzH8MbPNpvE+e2HH99888dGnqAtCL0QlRLEqgcC+QYSFI+CUTAKRsHIAgDS7z6pGjmVUQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\",\"orcid\":\"\",\"institution\":\"Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences\",\"correspondingAuthor\":true,\"submittingAuthor\":false,\"prefix\":\"\",\"firstName\":\"Xuenong\",\"middleName\":\"\",\"lastName\":\"Xu\",\"suffix\":\"\"}],\"badges\":[],\"createdAt\":\"2023-02-21 03:29:18\",\"currentVersionCode\":1,\"declarations\":\"\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2610066/v1\",\"doiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2610066/v1\",\"draftVersion\":[],\"editorialEvents\":[{\"content\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-023-00843-x\",\"type\":\"published\",\"date\":\"2023-10-23T15:01:24+00:00\"}],\"editorialNote\":\"\",\"failedWorkflow\":false,\"files\":[{\"id\":33569798,\"identity\":\"ddcf2b14-5e72-43e5-9aa7-aff0cde15b02\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2023-02-28 15:54:58\",\"extension\":\"png\",\"order_by\":1,\"title\":\"Figure 1\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"figure\",\"size\":170498,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eSurvival rate (\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003elx) \\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eand age-specific femals per day (\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003em\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003ex\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e) of four phytoseiids feeding on \\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eP. latus\\u003c/strong\\u003e\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"Onlinefloatimage1.png\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2610066/v1/23a571f6e11b821097a99d76.png\"},{\"id\":45453701,\"identity\":\"e94d8c5c-ad78-4594-8072-4ed1bb65c328\",\"added_by\":\"auto\",\"created_at\":\"2023-10-30 15:03:40\",\"extension\":\"pdf\",\"order_by\":0,\"title\":\"\",\"display\":\"\",\"copyAsset\":false,\"role\":\"manuscript-pdf\",\"size\":593491,\"visible\":true,\"origin\":\"\",\"legend\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"filename\":\"manuscript.pdf\",\"url\":\"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2610066/v1/3af32a05-c87f-4ef4-b19f-3e3cd7c30789.pdf\"}],\"financialInterests\":\"No competing interests reported.\",\"formattedTitle\":\"Amblyseius orientalis shows high consumption and reproduction on Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) in China\",\"fulltext\":[{\"header\":\"Introduction\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe broad mite, \\u003cem\\u003ePolyphagotarsonemus latus\\u003c/em\\u003e (Banks) (Acari: Tarsonemidae), is an important pest mite that infests various vegetables and ornamental plants (Fan and Petitt \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR14\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1998\\u003c/span\\u003e; Fasulo \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR15\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2013\\u003c/span\\u003e; Gerson and Weintraub \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR17\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2007\\u003c/span\\u003e). This mite is worldwide distributed and occurs year-round in tropical and subtropical regions (Renkema et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR31\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2017\\u003c/span\\u003e; Rodr\\u0026iacute;guez et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR34\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2011\\u003c/span\\u003e). Due to its small size and hidden refuge, \\u003cem\\u003eP. latus\\u003c/em\\u003e is not easy to be detected at early infestation (Radonjic and Hrni 2017). Similar to many other tiny small pests, \\u003cem\\u003eP. latus\\u003c/em\\u003e has short developmental duration and high fecundity. Its population increases rapidly under appropriate environmental conditions, especially when occurs in protected areas such as greenhouses. It also develops resistance to pesticides quickly (Reddy and Kumar \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR30\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2016\\u003c/span\\u003e; Breda et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR6\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2017\\u003c/span\\u003e). Although chemical control is still the most commonly used controlling approach to \\u003cem\\u003eP. latus\\u003c/em\\u003e (De Saraiva et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR11\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2016\\u003c/span\\u003e; Barbar \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR5\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2017\\u003c/span\\u003e), it is necessary to find environment friendly alternatives.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe potential of predatory mites in controlling \\u003cem\\u003eP. latus\\u003c/em\\u003e has been evaluated in many countries since the early 2000s, with studies on 37 species from 8 genera in Phytoseiidae published (Mcmurtry 1984; Gerson \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR16\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1992\\u003c/span\\u003e; Fan and Petitt \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR13\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1994\\u003c/span\\u003e; Britto et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR8\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2012\\u003c/span\\u003e; Rodriguez-Cruz et al. 2013; Abou-Awad et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR1\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2014\\u003c/span\\u003e; Martins et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR23\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2016\\u003c/span\\u003e; Akyazi et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR3\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e; Kumar et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR21\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e; Miranda et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR27\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e; H. Rodr\\u0026iacute;guez et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR34\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2011\\u003c/span\\u003e). Among all candidates, \\u003cem\\u003eN. californicus\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003eN. barkeri\\u003c/em\\u003e and \\u003cem\\u003eA. swirskii\\u003c/em\\u003e have been reported to be effective in reducing \\u003cem\\u003eP. latus\\u003c/em\\u003e (Fan and Petitt \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR13\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1994\\u003c/span\\u003e; Jovicich et al. 2008; Rodr\\u0026iacute;guez-Cruz et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR35\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2017\\u003c/span\\u003e; Zhu et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR45\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e). However, \\u003cem\\u003eA. swirskii\\u003c/em\\u003e was considered to be the one with the highest potential and was recommended by several biological control companies, including Koppert (Netherlands) and Biobee (Israel) (Rodr\\u0026iacute;guez-Cruz et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR35\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2017\\u003c/span\\u003e; Zhu et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR45\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2019\\u003c/span\\u003e; Calvo et al.2011; Akyazi et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR4\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2020\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIn China, \\u003cem\\u003eP. latus\\u003c/em\\u003e also causes severe problems, especially in vegetable production. There is a big commercial production of predatory mites in China, too. However, few study has been performed to evaluate the control efficiency of domestic phytoseiid species on \\u003cem\\u003eP. latus\\u003c/em\\u003e quantitatively. Although the mostly recommended species, \\u003cem\\u003eA. swirskii\\u003c/em\\u003e does not distribute in China and was not suggested to be introduced due to its high competitiveness (Guo et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR18\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2016\\u003c/span\\u003e). There are also domestic species of phytoseiid mites that can be utilized for \\u003cem\\u003eP. latus\\u003c/em\\u003e control. One such species is \\u003cem\\u003eAmblyseius orientalis\\u003c/em\\u003e, which is widely distributed in China and was initially considered a specialist predator of spider mites in the 1970s (Zhu et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR47\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1983\\u003c/span\\u003e; Yang et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR42\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1987\\u003c/span\\u003e). Later on, subsequent studies have shown that it is a generalist predator and similarly to \\u003cem\\u003eA. swirskii\\u003c/em\\u003e in controlling other small pests (Yang et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR42\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1987\\u003c/span\\u003e; Zhang et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR43\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2015\\u003c/span\\u003e; Yan et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR41\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2018\\u003c/span\\u003e; Sheng et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR37\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2014\\u003c/span\\u003e). It is valuable to evaluate the potential of domestic phytoseiid species so that they might be applied in \\u003cem\\u003eP. latus\\u003c/em\\u003e control in China.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eHerein, we have chosen three commercially available polyphagous phytoseiid species (\\u003cem\\u003eN. californicus\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003eN. barkeri\\u003c/em\\u003e, and \\u003cem\\u003eA. orientalis\\u003c/em\\u003e) that are distributed in China. We observed their consumption, development, and reproduction using \\u003cem\\u003eP. latus\\u003c/em\\u003e as prey, and estimated their life table parameters accordingly. The same biological features and parameters were observed and estimated in \\u003cem\\u003eA. swirskii\\u003c/em\\u003e as a control. The results of the present study were expected to be the first step in screening domestic biological control agents of \\u003cem\\u003eP. latus\\u003c/em\\u003e in China.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Materials And Methods\",\"content\":\"\\u003cdiv class=\\\"Section2\\\" id=\\\"Sec3\\\"\\u003e\\n \\u003ch2\\u003eMites colonies\\u003c/h2\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eAll mites used in the present study were obtained from lab colonies maintained in the Lab of Predatory Mites, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The \\u003cem\\u003eP. latus\\u003c/em\\u003e colony was established with individuals collected from a pepper field near Mianyang City, Sichuan in 2019 and has been maintained on potted green beans. The \\u003cem\\u003eN. californicus\\u003c/em\\u003e colony was established with individuals from Dinghushan, Guangdong Province. The \\u003cem\\u003eN. barkeri\\u003c/em\\u003e colony was supplied by Shoubonong biotech Co. Ltd. The \\u003cem\\u003eA. swirskii\\u003c/em\\u003e colony was introduced from the Netherlands, and has been kept in lab. The \\u003cem\\u003eA. orientalis\\u003c/em\\u003e colony was established from individuals collected in soybean fields in Changli, Hebei Province.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFor experimental purposes, phytoseiids were reared individually in a arena, which was built with a transparent acrylic boarda (30 \\u0026times; 20 \\u0026times; 3 mm\\u003csup\\u003e3\\u003c/sup\\u003e) with a 10 mm diameter hole in the center (Zhang et al. \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2015\\u003c/span\\u003e). Two pieces of rectangular glass were used to seal the hole, each on one side, creating a 10 (dia.) \\u0026times; 3 mm\\u003csup\\u003e3\\u003c/sup\\u003e arena for phytoseiid mites. A piece of bean leaf was used as the floor, placed between one rectangular glass and the central board. The four layers were clipped together on both ends to avoid mites escaping. All colonies were reared under the conditions of 25\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1℃, 80% \\u0026plusmn; 5% RH and 16 L : 8 D.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eConsumption capability of four phytoseiid mites to\\u003c/strong\\u003e \\u003cspan class=\\\"BoldItalic\\\" name=\\\"Emphasis\\\" type=\\\"BoldItalic\\\"\\u003eP. latus\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFor each predatory mite species, consumption rate of gravid adult females were estimated for 3 consecutive days. Each female was reared individually and provided with 50 \\u003cem\\u003eP. latus\\u003c/em\\u003e per day as prey. To avoid impact of \\u003cem\\u003eP. latus\\u003c/em\\u003e oviposition, deutonymphs were used as prey in the present study. The prey amount exceeded the maximum consumption rate of these predatory mites due to preliminary observations. The number of prey consumed was recorded daily. For each species, 15 females were observed as replicates. Two-way ANOVAs were used to estimate differences of consumption among predatory mite species and days. Multiple comparisons were performed using Tukey HSD method. All statistics in the present study were performed using SPSS19.0.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eDevelopment,reproduction, and life table parameters of four phytoseiid mites fed with\\u003c/strong\\u003e \\u003cspan class=\\\"BoldItalic\\\" name=\\\"Emphasis\\\" type=\\\"BoldItalic\\\"\\u003eP. latus\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eFor each species, immature survival and development were estimated using 120 synchronized eggs (laid within 12 hours). Each individual was checked once every 12 hours for its stage and survival before adult emergence. Developmental durations of each stage and the total immature duration were estimated. Adult life and reproduction were estimated using 30 females for each species. Newly emerged females were paired with males. After 24h, the males were removed. Eggs laid per female per day were recorded until it dies. Reproductive parameters, including pre-oviposition, oviposition, post-oviposition durations, life span, daily fecundity and total fecundity were calculated. All biological parameters were compared across species using one-way ANOVA. Multiple comparisons were conducted using Tukey HSD method.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003eLife tables were constructed with observed age-specific survival rate (\\u003cem\\u003el\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003ex\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e) and age -specific females per day (\\u003cem\\u003em\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003ex\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e). The following life table parameters were estimated: the net reproductive rate (\\u003cem\\u003eR\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e0\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e), the intrinsic rate of population increase (\\u003cem\\u003er\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003em\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e), the finite rate of population increase (\\u003cem\\u003e\\u0026lambda;\\u003c/em\\u003e), the mean generation time (\\u003cem\\u003eT\\u003c/em\\u003e), and the doubling time (\\u003cem\\u003et\\u003c/em\\u003e), according to equations 1\\u0026ndash;5, where \\u003cem\\u003ex\\u003c/em\\u003e is the age in days (Birch \\u003cspan class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1948\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eR\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u003csub\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cem\\u003e0\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026Sigma; \\u003cem\\u003el\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003ex\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e \\u003cem\\u003em\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003ex\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e (1)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003er\\u003c/em\\u003e \\u003csub\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cem\\u003em\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/sub\\u003e \\u003cem\\u003e=\\u003c/em\\u003e ln (\\u003cem\\u003eR\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e0\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e) \\u003cem\\u003e/ T\\u003c/em\\u003e (2)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eT\\u0026thinsp;=\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026Sigma; \\u003cem\\u003ex l\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003ex\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e \\u003cem\\u003em\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003ex\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e \\u003cem\\u003e/ R\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e0\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e (3)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e$$\\\\text{\\u0026lambda;}\\\\text{=}\\\\text{ }{\\\\text{e}}^{{\\\\text{r}}_{\\\\text{m}}}$$ (4)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003et\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;ln (2) / \\u003cem\\u003er\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003em\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e (5)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003c/div\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Results\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003eConsumption capability of four phytoseiids to\\u003c/b\\u003e \\u003cspan type=\\\"BoldItalic\\\" class=\\\"BoldItalic\\\" name=\\\"Emphasis\\\"\\u003eP. latus\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAmong the 3 native species, \\u003cem\\u003eA. orientalis\\u003c/em\\u003e has the highest daily consumption rate (29.0\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.8 per female), comparable to that of \\u003cem\\u003eA. swirskii\\u003c/em\\u003e. In contrast, the consumption rates of \\u003cem\\u003eN. californicus\\u003c/em\\u003e and \\u003cem\\u003eN. barkeri\\u003c/em\\u003e were 13.1% and 10.3% lower than \\u003cem\\u003eA. orientalis\\u003c/em\\u003e, respectively (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e). For each species, no significant impact of timing (\\u003cem\\u003eF\\u0026thinsp;=\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;0.252, \\u003cem\\u003edf\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e1\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;2, \\u003cem\\u003edf\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e2\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;168, \\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.777) and interaction (\\u003cem\\u003eF\\u0026thinsp;=\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;0.274, \\u003cem\\u003edf\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e1\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;6, \\u003cem\\u003edf\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e2\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;168, \\u003cem\\u003eP\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;0.948) on consumption rate was observed.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab1\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 1\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe number of \\u003cem\\u003eP. latus\\u003c/em\\u003e consumed by four phytoseiid mites\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSpecies Days\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eA. swirskii\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eA. orientalis\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eN. californicus\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eN. barkeri\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e1\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e30.1\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.2 a\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e28.4\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.0 ab\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e25.6\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.0 b\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e26.3\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.4 ab\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e2\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e29.5\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.0 a\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e29.9\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.6 a\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e25.0\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.8 b\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e26.5\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.0 ab\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003e3\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e29.9\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.9 a\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e28.5\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.4 ab\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e25.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.3 b\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e25.1\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.9 b\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eMean\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e29.8\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.6 a\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e29.0\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.8 a\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e25.2\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.5 b\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e26.0\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.3 b\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003eMeans\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;SE followed by different lowercase letters in the same row were significantly different at\\u003c/b\\u003e \\u003cspan type=\\\"BoldItalic\\\" class=\\\"BoldItalic\\\" name=\\\"Emphasis\\\"\\u003ep\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;\\u003cb\\u003e=\\u0026thinsp;0.05\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003eDevelopment, reproduction, and life table parameters of four phytoseiid mites fed with\\u003c/b\\u003e \\u003cspan type=\\\"BoldItalic\\\" class=\\\"BoldItalic\\\" name=\\\"Emphasis\\\"\\u003eP. latus\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eA total of 83 (50.6%), 73 (60.3%), 66 (53.0%), and 60 (56.7%) individuals of \\u003cem\\u003eA. swirskii\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003eA. orientalis\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003eN. californicus\\u003c/em\\u003e, and \\u003cem\\u003eN. barkeri\\u003c/em\\u003e developed into adults, respectively, among which 42, 44, 35 and 34 were females (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e). The development time of \\u003cem\\u003eA. orientalis\\u003c/em\\u003e was 12.8%, 20.6%, and 18.8% shorter than that of \\u003cem\\u003eA. swirskii, N. californicus\\u003c/em\\u003e and \\u003cem\\u003eN. barkeri\\u003c/em\\u003e, respectively (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e). The pre-oviposition period of \\u003cem\\u003eAmblyseius orientalis\\u003c/em\\u003e and \\u003cem\\u003eA. swirskii\\u003c/em\\u003e were 55.4% and 74.5% shorter than \\u003cem\\u003eN. californicus\\u003c/em\\u003e and \\u003cem\\u003eN. barkeri\\u003c/em\\u003e, respectively (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab2\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e2\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cem\\u003eA. orientalis\\u003c/em\\u003e exhibited the highest daily fecundity (1.45 eggs/day/female), which was 15.8%, 45.5% and 45.5% higher than that of \\u003cem\\u003eA. swirskii\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003eN. californicus\\u003c/em\\u003e and \\u003cem\\u003eN. barkeri\\u003c/em\\u003e, respectively. The total fecundity of \\u003cem\\u003eA. orientalis\\u003c/em\\u003e (13.50 eggs/female) was comparable to that of \\u003cem\\u003eA. swirskii\\u003c/em\\u003e, and was 56.4% and 40.2% higher than \\u003cem\\u003eN. californicus\\u003c/em\\u003e and \\u003cem\\u003eN. barkeri\\u003c/em\\u003e respectively. No significant difference in oviposition and post-oviposition durations was observed across the species, while differences in adult life was mainly contributed by pre-ovipostion durations.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFigure\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Fig1\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e1\\u003c/span\\u003e showed the age-specific survival rate and age-specific fecundity curves for the four species. The phytoseiids experienced relatively high mortality during immature stages, but most adults that emerged successfully had adult life longer than 7 days. Their daily fecundity peaked shortly after the onset of reproduction in all four species, especially in \\u003cem\\u003eA. orientalis\\u003c/em\\u003e and \\u003cem\\u003eA. swirskii\\u003c/em\\u003e. The hightest age -specific females per day of \\u003cem\\u003eA. swirskii\\u003c/em\\u003e (0.87 egg/femal/day) and \\u003cem\\u003eA. orientalis\\u003c/em\\u003e (0.87 egg/femal/day) was higher than that of \\u003cem\\u003eN. californicus\\u003c/em\\u003e (0.38 egg/femal/day) and \\u003cem\\u003eN. barkeri\\u003c/em\\u003e (0.40 egg/femal/day).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe intrinsic rate of natural increase (\\u003cem\\u003er\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003em\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e) of \\u003cem\\u003eA. orientalis\\u003c/em\\u003e was 0.12, which was comparable to that of \\u003cem\\u003eA. swirskii\\u003c/em\\u003e, and 75% and 66.7% higher than that of \\u003cem\\u003eN. californicus\\u003c/em\\u003e and \\u003cem\\u003eN. barkeri\\u003c/em\\u003e respectively. The net reproductive rate (\\u003cem\\u003eR\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e0\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e), mean generation time (\\u003cem\\u003eT\\u003c/em\\u003e), population doubling time (\\u003cem\\u003et\\u003c/em\\u003e), and finite rate of increase(\\u003cem\\u003eλ\\u003c/em\\u003e) of \\u003cem\\u003eA. orientalis\\u003c/em\\u003e were 4.06, 11.12, 5.51 and 1.13 respectively, which were all comparable to those of \\u003cem\\u003eA. swirskii\\u003c/em\\u003e (Table\\u0026nbsp;\\u003cspan refid=\\\"Tab3\\\" class=\\\"InternalRef\\\"\\u003e3\\u003c/span\\u003e).\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab2\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 2\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eThe development time (days) and fecundity of four phytoseiids feeding on \\u003cem\\u003eP. latus\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\" colnum=\\\"6\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eBiological Characteristics\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"4\\\" nameend=\\\"c6\\\" namest=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSpecies\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eA. swirskii\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eA. orientalis\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eN. californicus\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eN. barkeri\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eDevelopmental Durations and Longevity (days)\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eEgg\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.88\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.06 b (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;120)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.98\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.04 ab (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;120)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.84\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.05 b (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;120)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.08\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.04 a (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;120)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eLarva\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.52\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.01 c (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;116)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.64\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.03 b (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;113)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.70\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.03 b (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;114)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.92\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.05 a (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;111)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eProtonymph\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.84\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.05 a (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;105)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.53\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.05 b (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;107)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.76\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.09 a (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;96)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.73\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.05 ab (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;103)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eDeutonymph\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.86\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.06 b (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;90)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.16\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.04 c (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;83)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.41\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.09 a (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;79)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.83\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.07 b (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;78)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eEgg-Adult\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.10\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.06 b (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;83)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.32\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.05 c (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;73)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.70\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.14 a (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;66)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.55\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.09 a (n\\u0026thinsp;=\\u0026thinsp;60)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003ePre-oviposition\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.55\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.13 c\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.24\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.09 c\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.78\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.33 b\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.86\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.40 a\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eOviposition\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.59\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.63 a\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.18\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.42 a\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e7.39\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.71 a\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e9.57\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.66 a\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003ePost-oviposition\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.86\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.28 a\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e2.26\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.34 a\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.11\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.39 a\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e3.14\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.49 a\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eFemale Longevity\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e13.00\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.58 b\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e12.68\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.56 b\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e13.33\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.72 b\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e17.57\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.53 a\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eFecundity\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eDaily Fecundity\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.22\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.97 b\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.45\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.06 a\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.79\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.05 c\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.79\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.13 c\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eTotal Fecundity\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e10.62\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;1.10 ab\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e13.50\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.92 a\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.89\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;0.68 c\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c6\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e8.07\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;2.15 bc\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cb\\u003eMeans\\u0026thinsp;\\u0026plusmn;\\u0026thinsp;SE followed by different lowercase letters in the same row were significantly different at\\u003c/b\\u003e \\u003cspan type=\\\"BoldItalic\\\" class=\\\"BoldItalic\\\" name=\\\"Emphasis\\\"\\u003ep\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u0026thinsp;\\u003cb\\u003e=\\u0026thinsp;0.05\\u003c/b\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"gridtable\\\"\\u003e\\u003ctable float=\\\"Yes\\\" id=\\\"Tab3\\\" border=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e \\u003ccaption language=\\\"En\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionNumber\\\"\\u003eTable 3\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv class=\\\"CaptionContent\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eLife table parameters of four phytoseiids feeding on\\u003c/b\\u003e \\u003cspan type=\\\"BoldItalic\\\" class=\\\"BoldItalic\\\" name=\\\"Emphasis\\\"\\u003eP. latus\\u003c/span\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/caption\\u003e \\u003ccolgroup cols=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" colnum=\\\"1\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\" colnum=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\" colnum=\\\"3\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\" colnum=\\\"4\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cdiv align=\\\"left\\\" class=\\\"colspec\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\" colnum=\\\"5\\\"\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003cthead\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\" morerows=\\\"1\\\" rowspan=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eParameter\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colspan=\\\"4\\\" nameend=\\\"c5\\\" namest=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eSpecies\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eA. swirskii\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eA. orientalis\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eN. californicus\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003cth align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003eN. barkeri\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/th\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/thead\\u003e \\u003ctbody\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eNet Reproductive rate (\\u003cem\\u003eR\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003e0\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.05\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e4.06\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.43\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.95\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMean Generation Time (\\u003cem\\u003eT\\u003c/em\\u003e, days)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e12.17\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e11.12\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e12.71\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e16\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eIntrinsic Rate of Increase (\\u003cem\\u003er\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003em\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e, day\\u003csup\\u003e\\u0026minus;\\u0026thinsp;1\\u003c/sup\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.11\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.12\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.03\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e0.04\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003ePopulation Doubling Time (\\u003cem\\u003et\\u003c/em\\u003e, days )\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e6.03\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e5.51\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e24.42\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e16.63\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003ctr\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c1\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eFinite Rate of Increase (\\u003cem\\u003eλ\\u003c/em\\u003e)\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c2\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.12\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c3\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.13\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"char\\\" char=\\\".\\\" colname=\\\"c4\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.02\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003ctd align=\\\"left\\\" colname=\\\"c5\\\"\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e1.04\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003c/td\\u003e \\u003c/tr\\u003e \\u003c/tbody\\u003e \\u003c/colgroup\\u003e \\u003c/table\\u003e\\u003c/div\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003e \\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Discussion\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eResults of the present research indicated that the predation ability and life table parameters of \\u003cem\\u003eA. orientalis\\u003c/em\\u003e were comparable to those of \\u003cem\\u003eA. swirskii\\u003c/em\\u003e, and superior to those of \\u003cem\\u003eN. californicus\\u003c/em\\u003e and \\u003cem\\u003eN. barkeri\\u003c/em\\u003e.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eAs reported by many previous studies, \\u003cem\\u003eA. swirskii\\u003c/em\\u003e is considered as the most efficient phytoseiid predator of \\u003cem\\u003eP. latus\\u003c/em\\u003e in many countries (Onzo et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR28\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2012\\u003c/span\\u003e; Calvo et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR9\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2015\\u003c/span\\u003e; Lopez et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR22\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2017\\u003c/span\\u003e). \\u003cem\\u003eAmblyseius orientalis\\u003c/em\\u003e is a native species widely distributed in China (Zhu et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR47\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1983\\u003c/span\\u003e; Yang et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR42\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1987\\u003c/span\\u003e; van Maanen et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR39\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2010\\u003c/span\\u003e). Previous studies showed it had comparable performances to \\u003cem\\u003eA. swirskii\\u003c/em\\u003e in controlling \\u003cem\\u003eBemesia tabaci\\u003c/em\\u003e, one of the key pests controlled using \\u003cem\\u003eA. swirskii\\u003c/em\\u003e (Zhang et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR43\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2015\\u003c/span\\u003e). Since \\u003cem\\u003eA. swirskii\\u003c/em\\u003e does not distribute in China and has not been introduced for field release, it is reasonable to consider \\u003cem\\u003eA. orientalis\\u003c/em\\u003e as its alternative in controlling \\u003cem\\u003eP. latus\\u003c/em\\u003e.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eMass-rearing techniques for \\u003cem\\u003eA. orientalis\\u003c/em\\u003e have also been developed in China, making its large-scale release feasible. In addition, \\u003cem\\u003eA. orientalis\\u003c/em\\u003e has been proved to be a starving tolerant species. Adults were able to survive 16 days without prey (Zhu et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR47\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e1983\\u003c/span\\u003e). Adults released preventively might control \\u003cem\\u003eP. latus\\u003c/em\\u003e before its population break out.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eHowever, more \\u003cem\\u003eA. orientalis\\u003c/em\\u003e immatures died before adult emergence than \\u003cem\\u003eA. swirskii\\u003c/em\\u003e. Our results showed that mortality occurred during the whole immature stages for all four species. But for these individuals that survived to adults successfully, their adult life lasted for at least 7 days. In contrast, when fed with spider mites, in many phytoseiid species, including \\u003cem\\u003eA. orientalis\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003eN. californicus\\u003c/em\\u003e, and \\u003cem\\u003eN. barkeri\\u003c/em\\u003e, almost all immatures were able to complete development successfully (Zhang et al., \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR43\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2015\\u003c/span\\u003e; Rezaie et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR32\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2017\\u003c/span\\u003e; Momen and Hussein. 2011). These results suggested nutrient provided by \\u003cem\\u003eP. latus\\u003c/em\\u003e might not match development requirements of many phytoseiids. For field application, it might be valuable to promote their growth and reproduction through providing additional nutrient resources. Some pollen have been used as an alternative food for phytoseiids, such as chilli pepper, castor bean pollen and maize pollen (Onzo et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR28\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2012\\u003c/span\\u003e; Duarte et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR12\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2015\\u003c/span\\u003e; Miranda et al. \\u003cspan citationid=\\\"CR27\\\" class=\\\"CitationRef\\\"\\u003e2021\\u003c/span\\u003e). Further research should be conducted to screen for pollen species that promote growth of \\u003cem\\u003eA. orientalis\\u003c/em\\u003e effectively when fed with \\u003cem\\u003eP. latus\\u003c/em\\u003e.\\u003c/p\\u003e \\u003cp\\u003eOverall, our study suggested potential of \\u003cem\\u003eA. orientalis\\u003c/em\\u003e in controlling \\u003cem\\u003eP. latus\\u003c/em\\u003e, while more field data are expected to confirm their capability.\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"Declarations\",\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAcknowledgments\\u003c/strong\\u003e The project is supported by funds of the Science and Technology Research of Sichuan Province (No. 2021YJ0493)\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eAuthor contributions\\u003c/strong\\u003e Xuenong Xu contributed to the study conception and design. Yannan Zhang and Fujing Sheng conducted experiments.\\u0026nbsp;Endong Wang\\u0026nbsp;and Yannan Zhang analyzed the data. The manuscript was written by Jiale Lv and Yannan Zhang. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\\u003c/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eDeclarations\\u0026nbsp;\\u003c/strong\\u003eThe authors have declared that no competing interest exits\\u003c/p\\u003e\"},{\"header\":\"References\",\"content\":\"\\u003col\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eAbou-Awad BA, Hafez SM, Farhat BM (2014) Bionomics and control of the broad mite \\u003cem\\u003ePolyphagotarsonemus latus\\u003c/em\\u003e (Banks) (Acari: Tarsonemidae). Arch Phytopathol Plant Prot 47:631\\u0026ndash;641 https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2013.817068\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003c/ol\\u003e\\n\\u003col start=\\\"2\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eAkyazi R, Sekban R, Soysal M, Akyol D, Bostan SZ (2019) Ecofriendly control approaches for \\u003cem\\u003ePolyphagotarsonemus latus\\u003c/em\\u003e (Acari: Tarsonemidae) on tea (\\u003cem\\u003eCamellia sinensis\\u003c/em\\u003e). 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BioControl 62: 505-513. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-017-9813-0\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eRodr\\u0026iacute;guez-Cruz FA, Venzon M, Pinto CMF (2013) Performance of \\u003cem\\u003eAmblyseius herbicolus\\u003c/em\\u003e on broad mites and on castor bean and sunnhemp pollen. Exp Appl Acarol 60: 497-507. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-013-9665-y\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eSheng FJ, Wang ED, Xu XN, Wang BM (2014) Life Table of Experimental Population of \\u003cem\\u003eAmblyseius orientalis\\u003c/em\\u003e Feeding on \\u003cem\\u003eCarpoglyphus lactis\\u003c/em\\u003e. Chinese Journal of Biological Control. 30(2):194\\u0026ndash;198. http://doi.org/10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2014.02.004\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003c/ol\\u003e\\n\\u003col start=\\\"34\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003evan Maanen R, Vila E, Sabelis MW, Janssen A (2010) Biological control of broad mites (\\u003cem\\u003ePolyphagotarsonemus latus\\u003c/em\\u003e) with the generalist predator \\u003cem\\u003eAmblyseius swirskii\\u003c/em\\u003e. Exp Appl Acarol 52(1):29-34. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-010-9343-2\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003c/ol\\u003e\\n\\u003col start=\\\"35\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eYan JY, Sheng FJ, Song ZW, Lv JL, Xu XN, Li DS, Wang ED (2018) Functional Responses of\\u003cem\\u003e Amblyseius orientalis\\u003c/em\\u003e and \\u003cem\\u003e tsugawai\\u003c/em\\u003e to Eggs and 1st Instars of \\u003cem\\u003eBemisia tabaci\\u003c/em\\u003e. Chinese Journal of Biological Control 34(02): 214\\u0026ndash;219. http://doi.org/10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2018.02.006\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eYang Z, Cao K, Li W (1987) Brief research of \\u003cem\\u003eAmblyseius orientalis\\u003c/em\\u003e. Nat Enem of Insects 9: 203-206.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eZhang XX, Lv JL, Hu Y, Wang BM, Chen X, Xu XN, Wang ED (2015) Prey Preference and Life Table of \\u003cem\\u003eAmblyseius orientalis\\u003c/em\\u003e on \\u003cem\\u003eBemisia tabaci\\u003c/em\\u003e and \\u003cem\\u003eTetranychus cinnabarinus\\u003c/em\\u003e. PLOS ONE 10(10): e0138820. http://doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138820\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003c/ol\\u003e\\n\\u003col start=\\\"38\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eZhu R, Guo JJ, Yi TC, Xiao R, Jin DC (2019) Preying potential of predatory mite \\u003cem\\u003eNeoseiulus californicus\\u003c/em\\u003e to broad mite \\u003cem\\u003ePolyphagotarsonemus latus\\u003c/em\\u003e. Journal of Plant Protection 46: 465-471. http://doi.org/10.13802/j.cnki.zwbhxb.2019.2018008\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003c/ol\\u003e\\n\\u003col start=\\\"39\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eZhu ZM, Liu SJ, Xu SM (1983) Preliminary observe on biological characteristics of \\u003cem\\u003eAmblyseius orientalis\\u003c/em\\u003e (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Jiangxi Plant Prot 4: 20-2.\\u003c/li\\u003e\\n\\u003c/ol\\u003e\"}],\"fulltextSource\":\"\",\"fullText\":\"\",\"funders\":[],\"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow\":false,\"hasManuscriptDocX\":true,\"hasOptedInToPreprint\":true,\"hasPassedJournalQc\":\"\",\"hasAnyPriority\":false,\"hideJournal\":true,\"highlight\":\"\",\"institution\":\"\",\"isAcceptedByJournal\":true,\"isAuthorSuppliedPdf\":false,\"isDeskRejected\":\"\",\"isHiddenFromSearch\":false,\"isInQc\":false,\"isInWorkflow\":false,\"isPdf\":false,\"isPdfUpToDate\":true,\"isWithdrawnOrRetracted\":false,\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true},\"keywords\":\"broad mite, Phytoseiidae, biological control, consumption, fecundity, life table parameters\",\"lastPublishedDoi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2610066/v1\",\"lastPublishedDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2610066/v1\",\"license\":{\"name\":\"CC BY 4.0\",\"url\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\"},\"manuscriptAbstract\":\"\\u003cp\\u003eThe broad mite, \\u003cem\\u003ePolyphagotarsonemus latus\\u003c/em\\u003e (Banks) (Acari: Tarsonemidae), is a cosmopolitan pest that infest many greenhouse crops. Biological control is an important way to control \\u003cem\\u003eP. latus\\u003c/em\\u003e, with predatory mites being the most widely used natural enemy of this pest. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the capabilities of three native phytoseiids in China (\\u003cem\\u003eNeoseiulus californicus\\u003c/em\\u003e, \\u003cem\\u003eNeoseiulus barkeri\\u003c/em\\u003e and \\u003cem\\u003eAmblyseius orientalis\\u003c/em\\u003e) in controlling \\u003cem\\u003eP. latus\\u003c/em\\u003e, using \\u003cem\\u003eAmblyseius swirskii\\u003c/em\\u003e, a commercial biological control agent of this pest widely used in Europe as a control. Consumption, development, and reproduction of the four species when fed with \\u003cem\\u003eP. latus\\u003c/em\\u003e were assessed, and their life table parameters were estimated and compared. Among the three native species, \\u003cem\\u003eA. orientalis\\u003c/em\\u003e has the highest consumption rate of \\u003cem\\u003eP. latus\\u003c/em\\u003e (29.0 per day), the shortest developmental duration (5.32 d), and the highest cumulative fecundity (13.50 eggs/female). Overall, its intrinsic rate of natural increase (\\u003cem\\u003er\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003csub\\u003e\\u003cem\\u003em\\u003c/em\\u003e\\u003c/sub\\u003e) is 0.12, comparable to that of \\u003cem\\u003eA. swirskii\\u003c/em\\u003e. Among the three candidates, \\u003cem\\u003eA. orientalis\\u003c/em\\u003e is the only one that population increase might be expected when fed with \\u003cem\\u003eP. latus\\u003c/em\\u003e. Therefore, we suggest it to be a potential biological control agent for this pest in China.\\u003c/p\\u003e\",\"manuscriptTitle\":\"Amblyseius orientalis shows high consumption and reproduction on Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) in China\",\"msid\":\"\",\"msnumber\":\"\",\"nonDraftVersions\":[{\"code\":1,\"date\":\"2023-02-28 15:54:53\",\"doi\":\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2610066/v1\",\"editorialEvents\":[{\"type\":\"communityComments\",\"content\":0}],\"status\":\"published\",\"journal\":{\"display\":true,\"email\":\"info@researchsquare.com\",\"identity\":\"researchsquare\",\"isNatureJournal\":false,\"hasQc\":true,\"allowDirectSubmit\":true,\"externalIdentity\":\"\",\"sideBox\":\"\",\"snPcode\":\"\",\"submissionUrl\":\"/submission\",\"title\":\"Research Square\",\"twitterHandle\":\"researchsquare\",\"acdcEnabled\":true,\"dfaEnabled\":false,\"editorialSystem\":\"\",\"reportingPortfolio\":\"\",\"inReviewEnabled\":false,\"inReviewRevisionsEnabled\":true}}],\"origin\":\"\",\"ownerIdentity\":\"3c8ceced-dea0-47b9-817e-9101040b59b4\",\"owner\":[],\"postedDate\":\"February 28th, 2023\",\"published\":true,\"recentEditorialEvents\":[],\"rejectedJournal\":[],\"revision\":\"\",\"amendment\":\"\",\"status\":\"posted\",\"subjectAreas\":[],\"tags\":[],\"updatedAt\":\"2023-10-30T15:02:58+00:00\",\"versionOfRecord\":{\"articleIdentity\":\"rs-2610066\",\"link\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-023-00843-x\",\"journal\":{\"identity\":\"experimental-and-applied-acarology\",\"isVorOnly\":false,\"title\":\"Experimental and Applied Acarology\"},\"publishedOn\":\"2023-10-23 15:01:24\",\"publishedOnDateReadable\":\"October 23rd, 2023\"},\"versionCreatedAt\":\"2023-02-28 15:54:53\",\"video\":\"\",\"vorDoi\":\"10.1007/s10493-023-00843-x\",\"vorDoiUrl\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-023-00843-x\",\"workflowStages\":[]},\"version\":\"v1\",\"identity\":\"rs-2610066\",\"journalConfig\":\"researchsquare\"},\"__N_SSP\":true},\"page\":\"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]\",\"query\":{\"redirect\":\"/article/rs-2610066\",\"identity\":\"rs-2610066\",\"version\":[\"v1\"]},\"buildId\":\"i_I_jhV-QviBjPLXJga9V\",\"isFallback\":false,\"isExperimentalCompile\":false,\"dynamicIds\":[84888],\"gssp\":true,\"scriptLoader\":[]}","source_license":"CC-BY-4.0","license_restricted":false}